National Ambient Water Quality Criteria.................................................................... 7-9 Agricultural Water Quality Limits................................................................................. 7-9

US Geological Survey (USGS)........................................................................................ 7-1

California’s Flawed Surface Water Rights

California sprang into existence following the discovery of gold in 1848. Aside from domestic use, the first major use of water in California was in mining. The first mining consisted of placer mining of alluvial deposits in stream beds throughout the Sierra foothills. As those deposits were depleted, hydraulic mining arose, in which high-pressure jets of water were used to remove overlying earth from upland gold- bearing deposits. That type of mining, first employed in 1853, required substantial water diversions. When California entered the Union in 1850, the English common law was adopted as the “rule of decision” in courts, including the doctrine of riparian rights for surface water1 (it was also the governing doctrine in the rest of the Union). Riparian rights entitle the owner of land bordering a surface water body (“riparian” land) to use the water on his or her riparian land. This is a right to use water, not a right of ownership, and it inheres only in riparian lands. Riparian rights remain with the riparian land regardless of changes in ownership. Water under a riparian right cannot be used on nonriparian land.2 The right is shared equally among all riparians: they own access to the stream as “tenants in common.” They can divert water as long as this does not impair the rights of other riparians. No specific quantity attaches to a riparian right. If a riparian originally applied X, this does not preclude him from applying 5X later. Nonuse does not terminate the right. There is no recording of the volume diverted. No institution administers the ripar- ian right. Disputes are resolved through litigation among riparians. The riparian doctrine was logical where it originated, in a humid region with plentiful streamflow. Streamflow is treated as a common pool to be shared among all riparian landowners. But in an arid region like California, where rivers can run dry by the late summer and annual streamflow can vary by an order of magnitude, there needs to be a specific mechanism for allocating limited streamflow. The riparian right lacks this

Investigation of surface water behavior during glaze ice accretion

A series of experimental investigations that focused on isolating the primary factors that control the behavior of unfrozen surface water during glaze ice accretion were conducted. Detailed microvideo observations were made of glaze ice accretions on 2.54 cm diam cylinders in a closed-loop refrigerated wind tunnel. Distinct zones of surface water behavior were observed; a smooth wet zone in the stagnation region with a uniform water film, a rough zone where surface tension effects caused coalescence of surface water into stationary beads, and a zone where surface water ran back as rivulets. The location of the transition from the smooth to the rough zone was found to migrate towards the stagnation point with time. Comparative tests were conducted to study the effect of the substrate thermal and roughness properties on ice accretion. The importance of surface water behavior was evaluated by the addition of a surface tension reducing agent to the icing tunnel water supply, which significantly altered the accreted glaze ice shape. Measurements were made to determine the contact angle behavior of water droplets on ice. A simple multizone modification to current glaze ice accretion models was proposed to include the observed surface roughness behavior

WATER RESOURCES USE, ABUSE AND REGULATIONS IN NIGERIA

The evolvement processes of water laws in Nigeria, as well as their efficiency in the sustenance of surface water resources, were studied. A cursory look was also taken into the mode of access to water resources by households in Nigeria. This was done vis-à-vis the governmental effort at providing potable water for its teeming population as well as the Land Use Act of 1978, which vests absolute control and ownership of all water resources, ground and surface, in the land owner. About 47 million Nigerians still rely, exclusively, on surface water sources to meet their domestic needs. Yet, pollution discharge into the surface water by individuals and industries go on unmitigated, unregulated, and unpunished due to weaknesses in the existing laws. The involvement of the scientific community in the regular calibration and monitoring of surface water quality as a tool for managing the surface and groundwater resources, among other things, would be an advantageous tool for curbing the pollution menace

Arkansas Water Resources Research Center Pamphlet

Arkansas Water Resources Center (AWRC) works closely with state and federal agencies and academic institutions. Priority research categories are: surface water analysis, ground water pollution, surface and ground water quality/quanity, and water resource management

Surface water modeling Everglades Water Basin, Florida

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending.

Although reclaimed water for potable applications has many potential benefits, it poses concerns for chemical and microbial risks to consumers. We present a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Monte Carlo framework to compare a de facto water reuse scenario (treated wastewater-impacted surface water) with four hypothetical Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) scenarios for Norovirus, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella. Consumer microbial risks of surface source water quality (impacted by 0-100% treated wastewater effluent) were assessed. Additionally, we assessed risks for different blending ratios (0-100% surface water blended into advanced-treated DPR water) when source surface water consisted of 50% wastewater effluent. De facto reuse risks exceeded the yearly 10-4 infections risk benchmark while all modeled DPR risks were significantly lower. Contamination with 1% or more wastewater effluent in the source water, and blending 1% or more wastewater-impacted surface water into the advanced-treated DPR water drove the risk closer to the 10-4 benchmark. We demonstrate that de facto reuse by itself, or as an input into DPR, drives microbial risks more so than the advanced-treated DPR water. When applied using location-specific inputs, this framework can contribute to project design and public awareness campaigns to build legitimacy for DPR

Identification of surface water and groundwater relationship at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Campus

Descriptions of the surface water and groundwater relationships are required for enhanced water resource management. The increase in population and rapid development has boosted the demand and use of water supply each year in Parit Raja. Moreover, no further research related to relationships between both sources has been carried out in this flat topography area. Thus, the descriptions of surface water and groundwater relationships are required to enhance water resource management in UTHM campus in order to meet the future demands. The Schlumberger array was used for Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) during data acquisition to identify potential shallow aquifers and suitable locations for boreholes which function as observation wells. Three new boreholes were installed and the ERI results showed that this area recorded low resistivity values less than 10 Ωm with potential groundwater at varying depths between 10 to 30 m. Meanwhile, in hydrochemical analysis the chemical properties of major cations (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-) were analysed to characterise surface water and groundwater. The result showed that all surface water is characterized by Ca2+ - Mg2+- Cl- - SO42- types of fresh water, while the groundwater is characterized by Na-Cl type of saline water due to seawater intrusion which indicated that the interaction of surface water and groundwater were not occur in this study area and the recharge areas might be located outside this area. This result interpreted that the lakes and swale were remained in good quality whereas groundwater at this aquifer was seriously intruded by seawater. Even though, the isotopic composition for δ18O and δ2H values of surface water were relatively similar to that of groundwater samples in Station A and Station C as they varying between -4.32%o to -9.74%o for δ18O and from -33.86%o to -65.82%o for δ2H, these surface water samples had low salinity (Cl- 3000 mg/l). This result could be explained by effects of evaporation and seawater intrusion on these groundwater samples rather than interaction with surface water. Thus, the relationships of surface water and groundwater might not occur in UTHM campus and the recharge areas might be located outside this area